Christopher D. Thomas

Litigation and Enforcement Defense

Clean Water Act (CWA) and Similar State Water Permit Appeals

• Counsel of record for mining industry amici in the most recent U.S. Supreme Court case addressing the extent of federal jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency, 598 U.S. 651 (2023).
• Successfully argued for Resolution Copper Mining, LLC in an Arizona Supreme Court case challenging renewal of its Clean Water Act National Discharge Elimination System permit by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. San Carlos Apache Tribe v. State, 550 P.3d 1096 (Ariz. 2024) (new, integrated mine shaft did not constitute or create a “new source” under Clean Water Act).
• Successfully defending South32 Hermosa Inc. in third-party challenges to an Arizona aquifer protection permit and a state National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued to facilitate its mineral exploration activities in southern Arizona. Patagonia Area Resource Alliance v. State of Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Nos. LC2022-000250 and 259 (Maricopa County Superior Court), Arizona Court of Appeals appeal pending, No. 1 CA-cv-23-0725 (2024).

National Environmental Policy Act and Related Public Lands Litigation

• Defending intervenor Resolution Copper Mining, LLC in three cases in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona challenging a statutorily mandated land exchange with the U.S. Forest Service, intended to facilitate copper mine development in rural Arizona, under NEPA and other theories. See San Carlos Apache Tribe v. U.S. Forest Service and Arizona Mining Reform Coalition et al v. U.S. Forest Service, 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 158408 (D. Ariz. August 15, 2025) (denying preliminary injunction sought by Tribe and environmental groups against land exchange); Lopez v. U.S. Forest Service, 2025 WL 2380475, 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 158995 (D. Ariz. Aug. 17, 2025) (rejecting free exercise and NEPA claims by Tribal members). Previously prevailed in a challenge to the Forest Serviceʼs approval of data collection activities on public land. Concerned Citizens and Retired Miners Coalition v. United States Forest Service, et al., 279 F. Supp. 3d 898 (2017) (D. Ariz. 2017).
• Representing Resolution Copper Mining, LLC in a case by a tribal affiliate group asserting that the United Statesʼ proposed conveyance of federal lands to Resolution would violate the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the first amendmentʼs free exercise clause. Apache Stronghold v. United States, 101 F. 4th 1036 (9th 1036) (en banc), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 1480 (2025).
• Counsel for American Exploration and Mining Association and other mining industry amici in U.S. Supreme Court case addressing whether National Environmental Policy Act requires federal agencies to evaluate environmental impacts over which they have no regulatory authority. Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County, Colorado, No. 23-975 (U.S. 2024).
• Counsel for the National Mining Association as amicus in the first case to interpret statutory deadlines for completing NEPA review added by the 2023 Ian industry challenge to the Council on Environmental Qualityʼs 2024 NEPA regulation amendments. Signal Peak Energy, LLC v. Haaland, 2024 WL 3887386 (D.D.C. Aug. 21, 2024).

Water Rights

• Co-counsel for the City of Flagstaff in The General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in the Little Colorado River System and Source, In Re: Navajo Nation, Case No. CV6417-300 (Ariz. Sup. Ct., Apache Cty.).

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

• Defending the City of Phoenix in CERCLA litigation in the District of Arizona brought by law firm and, previously, its client Roosevelt Irrigation District, alleging that the city and dozens of other private and public parties impacted irrigation wells it wanted to convert to drinking water use. Gallagher & Kennedy, P.A. v. City of Phoenix, et al., 2022 WL 17903905 (D. Ariz. Sept. 30, 2022) (granting partial summary judgment to defendants), affʼd in part, Gallagher & Kennedy, P.A. v. City of Phoenix, et al., 2024 WL 4003040 (Ninth Cir. Aug. 30, 2024); Roosevelt Irrigation District v. Salt River Project, et al., 222 F. Supp. 3d 898 (D. Ariz. 2017) (plaintiff using contingent-fee lawyers did not incur CERCLA response costs).
• Represented a group of industrial settling parties before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on the level of deference owed by district courts when evaluating proposed CERCLA consent decrees negotiated by state environmental agencies. State of Arizona v. Ashton, et al., 761 F.3d 1005 (9th Cir. 2014), denied, 577 U.S. 913 (2015).
• Helped persuade the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit to affirm the dismissal of cost recovery claims by two corporate successors to Monsanto that had been administratively and judicially compelled to incur those costs in Solutia v. McWane, et al., 672 F.3d 1230 (11th Cir. 2012), denied, 568 U.S. 942 (2012), thereby resolving an issue left open by the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Atlantic Research, 551 U.S. 128 (2007).
• Represented the City of Phoenix in the first case to hold squarely that trustees and other fiduciaries could be held personally liable as owners under Superfund, prompting a 1996 Congressional amendment of CERCLA that is now codified at 42 USC §9607(n). City of Phoenix v. Garbage Service Co., 816 F. Supp. 564 (D. Ariz. 1993), and 827 F. Supp. 600 (D. Ariz. 1993).
• For the City of Phoenix, recovered $28.5 million from generators and transporters of hazardous substances disposed at the National Priorities List (NPL)-listed 19th Avenue Landfill. State of Arizona and City of Phoenix, Arizona v. Motorola, Inc., et al., 805 F. Supp.749 (D. Ariz. 1992) (divisibility of harm under CERCLA); 805 F. Supp. 742 (D. Ariz. 1992) (causation under CERCLA); 774 F. Supp. 566 (D. Ariz. 1991) (CERCLA generator liability); 139 F.R.D. 141 (D. Ariz. 1991) (intervention into CERCLA consent decree proceeding).

Toxic Torts

• In a purported property damage class action alleging that numerous industrial entities caused lead and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in Anniston, Alabama, helped defendants withstand a petition for remand in a case that produced the first ruling in the courts of appeal on the Class Action Fairness Actʼs removal provisions. Evans v. Walter Industries, et al., 449 F.3d 1159 (11th Cir. 2006).

Pro Bono

• Court-appointed counsel in a six-day jury trial over prison inmateʼs civil rights claims against state prison officials. Crago v. Pitz, CV19-04532 (D. Ariz. 2022).
• Counsel for civil rights legend Jamil Al-Amin, fka H. Rap Brown, in claims arising from his detention at USP-Tucson. Al-Amin v. Howard, No. 4:21-cv-00120 (D. Ariz.).
• Representing, with the Florence Immigrant and Refugee Rights Center and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), civil immigration detainees seeking habeas corpus relief because of heightened COVID-19 risk.
• Defending Iraqi, Russian, and Yemeni hunger strikers protesting immigration conditions against government efforts to compel force-feeding.

Brownfields, Facility Siting, and Counseling

Copper Mine Development

• Advising Resolution Copper Mining, LLC, a joint venture between Rio Tinto and BHP, on environmental regulatory issues pertaining to its project near Superior, Arizona.

Lead-Zinc-Silver-Manganese Mine Exploration

• Advising South32 Hermosa Inc. on environmental regulatory issues pertaining to its exploration project southeast of Patagonia, Arizona.

Renewable Energy Development

• Helping developers of wind, photovoltaic solar, battery storage, and geothermal facilities obtain necessary permits and approvals, including certificates of environmental compatibility from the Arizona Corporation Commission.

Corporate and Real Estate Acquisitions

• Advising hedge funds and other investors on potential environmental liabilities associated with potential investments in mines, power plants, water and wastewater utilities, and real estate developments.

Brownfields Redevelopment

• Negotiated the first CERCLA prospective lessee agreement with the United States on behalf of the developer of a luxury resort within the former Empire Canyon mine site in Deer Valley, Utah, in a transaction that served as a pilot project for U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyʼs (EPA) Environmentally Responsible Redevelopment and Reuse program.
• Represented a Phoenix charter school operator on environmental issues pertaining to its successful redevelopment of a former semiconductor facility into a safe and thriving K-12 school.